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Recognize that matter has different forms and properties.
Kindergarten
1. Observe that objects are made of different types of materials (e.g., metal,
plastic, cloth, wood).
2. Observe that different materials have different properties (e.g., color,
odor).
1st Grade
1. Observe that the three states of matter (i.e., solids, liquids, and gases)
have different properties (e.g., water can be liquid, ice, or steam).
2. Describe simple properties of matter (e.g., hardness, flexibility, transparency).
2nd Grade
1. Observe that properties of substances can change when they are mixed, cooled,
or heated (e.g., salt dissolves in water, ice melts).
2. Describe the changes that occur when substances are heated or cooled and
change from one state of matter to another (i.e., solid, liquid, and gas).
3rd Grade
1. Identify and compare properties of pure substances and mixtures (e.g.,
sugar, fruit juice).
2. Separate mixtures based on properties (e.g., by size or by substance; rocks
and sand, iron filings and sand, salt and sand).
4th Grade
1. Know that changes to matter may be chemical or physical and when two or
more substances are combined, a new substance may be formed with properties
that are different from those of the original substances (e.g., white glue
and borax, cornstarch and water, vinegar and baking soda).
2. Know that materials are made up of small particles (atoms and molecules)
that are too small to see with the naked eye.
3. Know that the mass of the same amount of material remains constant whether
it is together, in parts, or in a different state.
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Know that energy is needed to get things done and that energy has different forms.
Kindergarten
1. Observe how energy does things (e.g., batteries, the sun, wind, electricity).
1st Grade
1. Observe and describe how energy produces changes (e.g., heat melts ice,
gas makes car go uphill, electricity makes TV work).
2nd Grade
1. Describe how heat can be produced (e.g., burning, rubbing, mixing some
substances).
2. Know that heat moves more rapidly in thermal conductors (e.g., metal pan)
than in insulators (e.g., plastic handle).
3. Describe the usefulness of some forms of energy (e.g., electricity, sunlight,
wind, sound) and how energy (e.g., heat, light,) can affect common objects
(e.g., sunlight warms dark objects, heat melts candles).
4. Observe that sound is made by vibrating objects and describe it by its
pitch and loudness.
5. Recognize that moving objects carry energy (kinetic energy).
3rd Grade
1. Understand that light is a form of energy and can travel through a vacuum.
2. Know that light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object and
then it is reflected, refracted, or absorbed.
3 . Measure energy and energy changes (e.g., temperature changes).
4. Construct charts or diagrams that relate variables associated with energy
changes (e.g., melting of ice over time).
4th Grade
1. Identify the characteristics of several different forms of energy and describe
how energy can be converted from one form to another (e.g., light to heat,
motion to heat, electricity to heat, light, or motion).
2. Recognize that energy can be stored in many ways (e.g., potential energy
in gravity or springs, chemical energy in batteries).
3. Describe how some waves move through materials (e.g., water, sound) and
how others can move through a vacuum (e.g., x-ray, television, radio).
4. Demonstrate how electricity flows through a simple circuit (e.g., by constructing
one). B. Explain the physical processes involved in the transfer, change, and
conservation of energy.
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Identify forces and describe the motion of objects.
1st Grade
1. Observe that things move in many different ways (e.g., straight line, vibration,
circular).
2. Know that the position and motion of an object (direction or speed) are
changed by pushing or pulling it.
2nd Grade
1. Describe ways to make things move, what causes them to stop, and what causes
a change of speed, or change of direction.
2. Observe that gravity makes things fall to the ground unless something holds
them up.
3rd Grade
1. Describe how the strength of a push or pull affects the change in an object's
motion (e.g., how a big or small push affects how high a swing rises).
2. Observe that electrically charged materials and magnets attract and repel
each other, and observe their effects on other kinds of materials.
4th Grade
1. Recognize that magnets can produce motion by attracting some materials
(e.g., steel) and have no effect on others (e.g., plastics).
2. Describe how magnets have poles (N and S) and that like poles repel each
other while unlike poles attract.
3. Observe that some forces produce motion without objects touching (e.g.,
magnetic force on nails).
4. Describe motion on different time scales (e.g., the slow motion of a plant
toward light, the fast motion of a tuning fork).
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Know the forms and properties of matter and how matter interacts.
5th Grade
1. Describe properties (e.g., relative volume, ability to flow) of the three
states of matter.
2. Describe how matter changes from one phase to another (e.g., condensation,
evaporation).
3. Know that matter is made up of particles (atoms) that can combine to form
molecules and that these particles are too small to see with the naked eye.
4. Know that the periodic table is a chart of the pure elements that make
up all matter.
5. Describe the relative location and motion of the particles (atoms and molecules)
in each state of matter.
6. Explain the relationship between temperature and the motion of particles
in each state of matter.
6th Grade
1. Understand that substances have characteristic properties and identify
the properties of various substances (e.g., density, boiling point, solubility,
chemical reactivity).
2. Use properties to identify substances (e.g., for minerals: the hardness,
streak, color, reactivity to acid, cleavage, fracture).
3. Know that there are about 100 known elements that combine to produce compounds
in living organisms and nonliving substances.
4. Know the differences between chemical and physical properties and how these
properties can influence the interactions of matter.
7th Grade
1. Explain how matter is transferred from one organism to another and between
organisms and their environment (e.g., consumption, the water cycle, the carbon
cycle, the nitrogen cycle).
2. Know that the total amount of matter (mass) remains constant although its
form, location, and properties may change (e.g., matter in the food web).
3. Identify characteristics of radioactivity, including:
- decay in time of some elements to others
- release of energy
- damage to cells.
4. Describe how substances react chemically in characteristic
ways to form new substances (compounds) with different properties (e.g.,
carbon and oxygen
combine to form carbon dioxide in respiration).
5. Know that chemical reactions are essential to life processes.
8th Grade
Properties of Matter
1. Know how to use density, boiling point, freezing point, conductivity, and
color to identify various substances.
2. Distinguish between metals and non-metals.
3. Understand the differences among elements, compounds, and mixtures by:
- classification of materials as elements, compounds, or mixtures
- interpretation
of chemical formulas
- separation of mixtures into compounds by
methods including evaporation, filtration, screening, magnetism.
Structure of Matter
4. Identify the protons, neutrons, and electrons within an atom and describe
their locations (i.e., in the nucleus or in motion outside the nucleus).
5. Explain that elements are organized in the periodic table according to
their properties.
6. Know that compounds are made of two or more elements, but not all sets
of elements can combine to form compounds.
Changes in Matter
7. Know that phase changes are physical changes that can be reversed (e.g.,
evaporation, condensation, melting).
8. Describe various familiar physical and chemical changes that occur naturally
(e.g., snow melting, photosynthesis, rusting, burning).
9. Identify factors that influence the rate at which chemical reactions occur
(e.g., temperature, concentration).
10. Know that chemical reactions can absorb energy (endothermic reactions)
or release energy (exothermic reactions).
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Explain the physical processes involved in the transfer, change, and conservation of energy.
5th Grade
1. Know that heat is transferred from hotter to cooler materials or regions
until both reach the same temperature.
2. Know that heat is often produced as a by-product when one form of energy
is converted to another form (e.g., when machines or organisms convert stored
energy into motion).
3. Know that there are different forms of energy.
4. Describe how energy can be stored and converted to a different form of
energy (e.g., springs, gravity) and know that machines and living things convert
stored energy to motion and heat.
6th Grade
1. Identify various types of energy (e.g., heat, light, mechanical, electrical,
chemical, nuclear).
2. Understand that heat energy can be transferred through conduction, radiation
and convection.
3. Know that there are many forms of energy transfer but that the total amount
of energy is conserved (i.e., that energy is neither created nor destroyed).
4.
Understand that some energy travels as waves (e.g., seismic, light, sound),
including:
- the sun as source of energy for many processes on Earth
- different wavelengths
of sunlight (e.g., visible, ultraviolet, infrared)
- vibrations
of matter (e.g., sound, earthquakes)
- different speeds through different
materials.
7th Grade
1. Know how various forms of energy are transformed through organisms and
ecosystems, including:
- sunlight and photosynthesis
- energy transformation in living systems (e.g.,
cellular processes changing chemical energy to heat and motion)
- effect of mankind's use of energy and
other activities on living systems (e.g., global warming, water
quality).
8th Grade
Energy Transformation
1. Know that energy exists in many forms and that when energy is transformed
some energy is usually converted to heat.
2. Know that kinetic energy is a measure of the energy of an object in motion
and potential energy is a measure of an object's position or composition, including:
transformation
of gravitational potential energy of position into kinetic energy of motion
by a falling object.
3. Distinguish between renewable and
nonrenewable sources of energy.
4. Know that
electrical energy is the flow of electrons through electrical conductors that
connect sources of electrical energy to points of use, including:
- electrical current paths through parallel and series circuits
- production of
electricity by fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants, wind generators,
geothermal plants, and solar cells
- use of electricity by appliances and equipment
(e.g., calculators, hair dryers, light bulbs, motors).
Waves
5. Understand how light and radio waves carry energy through vacuum or matter
by:
- straight-line travel unless an object is encountered
- reflection by a mirror,
refraction by a lens, absorption by a dark object
- separation
of white light into different wavelengths by prisms
- visibility of
objects due to light emission or scattering.
6. Understand that
vibrations of matter (e.g., sound, earthquakes, water waves) carry wave energy,
including:
- sound transmission through solids, liquids, and gases
- relationship of pitch
and loudness of sound to rate and distance (amplitude) of vibration
- ripples made by objects dropped in water.
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Describe and explain forces that produce motion in objects.
5th Grade
1. Understand how the rate of change of position is the velocity of an object
in motion.
2. Recognize that acceleration is the change in velocity with time.
3. Identify forces in nature (e.g., gravity, magnetism, electricity, friction).
4. Understand that when a force (e.g., gravity, friction) acts on an object,
the object speeds up, slows down, or goes in a different direction.
5. Identify simple machines and describe how they give advantage to users
(e.g., levers, pulleys, wheels and axles, inclined planes, screws, wedges).
6th Grade
1. Know that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object
dependent on the masses and distance of separation (e.g., motions of celestial
objects, tides).
2. Know that gravitational force is hard to detect unless one of the objects
(e.g., Earth) has a lot of mass.
7th Grade
1. Know that forces cause motion in living systems, including:
- the principle of a lever and how it gives mechanical advantage to a muscular/skeletal
system to lift objects
- forces in specific systems in the human body (e.g.,
how the heart generates blood pressure, how muscles contract and
expand to produce motion).
8th Grade
Forces
1. Know that there are fundamental forces in nature (e.g., gravity, electromagnetic
forces, nuclear forces).
2. Know that a force has both magnitude and direction.
3. Analyze the separate forces acting on an object at rest or in motion (e.g.,
gravity, elastic forces, friction), including how multiple forces reinforce
or cancel one another to result in a net force that acts on an object.
4. Know that electric charge produces electrical fields and magnets produce
magnetic fields.
5. Know how a moving magnetic field can produce an electric current (generator)
and how an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnet).
6. Know that Earth has a magnetic field.
Motion
7. Know that an object's motion is always described relative to some other
object or point (i.e., frame of reference).
8. Understand and apply Newton 's Laws of Motion:
- Objects in motion will continue in motion and objects at rest will remain
at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force (inertia).
- If a greater force
is applied to an object a proportionally greater acceleration will
occur.
- If an object has more mass the effect of an applied force is proportionally
less.
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Understand the properties, underlying structure, and reactions of matter.
Properties of Matter
1. Classify matter in a variety of ways (e.g., element, compound, mixture;
solid, liquid, gas; acidic, basic, neutral).
2. Identify, measure, and use a variety of physical and chemical properties
(e.g., electrical conductivity, density, viscosity, chemical reactivity, pH,
melting point).
3. Know how to use properties to separate mixtures into pure substances (e.g.,
distillation, chromatography, solubility).
4. Describe trends in properties (e.g., ionization energy or reactivity as
a function of location on the periodic table, boiling point of organic liquids
as a function of molecular weight).
Structure of Matter
5. Understand that matter is made of atoms and that atoms are made of subatomic
particles.
6. Understand atomic structure, including:
- most space occupied by electrons
- nucleus made of protons and neutrons
- isotopes of an element
- masses of proton and neutron 2000 times greater than
mass of electron
- atom
held together by proton-electron electrical forces
7. Explain how electrons
determine the properties of substances by:
- interactions
between atoms through transferring or sharing valence electrons
- ionic and covalent bonds
- the ability of carbon to form a diverse array of organic
structures.
8. Make
predictions about elements using the periodic table (e.g., number of valence
electrons, metallic character, reactivity, conductivity, type of bond
between elements).
9. Understand how the type and arrangement of atoms and their bonds determine
macroscopic properties (e.g., boiling point, electrical conductivity, hardness
of minerals).
10. Know that states of matter (i.e., solid, liquid, gas) depend on the arrangement
of atoms and molecules and on their freedom of motion.
11. Know that some atomic nuclei can change, including:
- spontaneous decay
- half-life of isotopes
- fission
- fusion (e.g., the sun)
- alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
- Chemical Reactions
12. Know that chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms, and that
they occur on many timescales (e.g., picoseconds to millennia).
13. Understand types of chemical reactions (e.g., synthesis, decomposition,
combustion, redox, neutralization) and identify them as exothermic or endothermic.
14. Know how to express chemical reactions with balanced equations that show:
- conservation of mass
- products of common reactions.
15. Describe how the rate of chemical reactions
depends on many factors that include temperature, concentration, and the
presence of catalysts.
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Understand the transformation and transmission of energy and how energy and matter interact.
Energy Transformation and Transfer
1. Identify different forms of energy, including kinetic, gravitational (potential),
chemical, thermal, nuclear, and electromagnetic.
2. Explain how thermal energy (heat) consists of the random motion and vibrations
of atoms and molecules and is measured by temperature.
3. Understand that energy can change from one form to another (e.g., changes
in kinetic and potential energy in a gravitational field, heats of reaction,
hydroelectric dams) and know that energy is conserved in these changes.
4. Understand how heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation,
and how heat conduction differs in conductors and insulators.
5. Explain how heat flows in terms of the transfer of vibrational motion of
atoms and molecules from hotter to colder regions.
6. Understand that the ability of energy to do something useful (work) tends
to decrease (and never increases) as energy is converted from one form to another.
Interactions of Energy and Matter
7. Understand that electromagnetic waves carry energy that can be transferred
when they interact with matter.
8. Describe the characteristics of electromagnetic waves (e.g., visible light,
radio, microwave, X-ray, ultraviolet, gamma) and other waves (e.g., sound,
seismic waves, water waves), including:
- origin and potential hazards of various forms of electromagnetic radiation
- energy of electromagnetic waves carried in discrete energy packets (photons)
whose energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.
9. Know that each kind
of atom or molecule can gain or lose energy only in discrete amounts.
10. Explain how wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be used to identify
atoms, molecules, and the composition of stars.
11. Understand the concept of equilibrium (i.e., thermal, mechanical, and
chemical).
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Understand the motion of objects and waves, and the forces that cause them.
Forces
1. Know that there are four fundamental forces in nature: gravitation, electromagnetism,
weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force.
2. Know that every object exerts gravitational force on every other object,
and how this force depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between
them.
3. Know that materials containing equal amounts of positive and negative charges
are electrically neutral, but that a small excess or deficit of negative charges
produces significant electrical forces.
4. Understand the relationship between force and pressure, and how the pressure
of a volume of gas depends on the temperature and the amount of gas.
5. Explain how electric currents cause magnetism and how changing magnetic
fields produce electricity (e.g., electric motors, generators).
6. Represent the magnitude and direction of forces by vector diagrams.
7. Know that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second
object exerts a force of equal magnitude and in the opposite direction on the
first object (i.e., Newton 's Third Law).
Motion
8. Apply Newton 's Laws to describe and analyze the behavior of moving objects,
including:
- displacement, velocity, and acceleration of a moving object
- Newton 's Second
Law, F = ma (e.g., momentum and its conservation, the motion of
an object falling under gravity, the independence of a falling object's
motion on mass)
- circular motion and centripetal force.
9. Describe relative motion using frames
of reference.
10. Describe wave propagation using amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and
speed.
11. Explain how the interactions of waves can result in interference, reflection,
and refraction.
12. Describe how waves are used for practical purposes (e.g., seismic data,
acoustic effects, Doppler effect).
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